Horse meat was consumed in large quantities during the siege of Paris in 1870, when it was included in haute cuisine menus. Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of beef. Many consumers claim to be unable to tell the difference between beef and horsemeat. [18] In 2005, Mexico was the world`s second largest producer of horse meat. [136] By 2009, it had become the largest producer of horse meat in the world. [58] It is exported only because it is not used or consumed in Mexico. [137] Mid-1970s: Beltex (Fort Worth, Texas) and Dallas Crown (Kaufman, Texas) horse slaughterers began marketing and processing horse meat for human consumption abroad. Paula Bacon, former mayor of Kaufman and longtime horse lover, was attending a horse auction in Stephenville in October when something caught her eye. It appeared to be a double-decker trailer, a means of transport for cattle prohibited from transporting horses for slaughter. In Indonesia, a type of satay (pieces of meat served with a spicy sauce) known as horse satay (Javanese: Sate Jaran, Indonesian: Sate Kuda) is made from horse meat. This Yogyakarta dish is served with fresh, sliced shallot, pepper and sweet soy sauce.
The horse is considered a source of strength and food is believed to increase a man`s vitality. [65] [66] (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, this chapter is without prejudice to the provision of a municipal ordinance governing the sale or possession of horse meat or the approval of horse meat dealers. 2007: When the slaughterhouses became aware of the Attorney General`s 2002 notice and Beltex and Dallas Crown were immediately tried, they filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas seeking a statement of legal rights and obligations and a possible Chapter 149 lawsuit. Abattoirs generally claimed that Chapter 149 was implicitly repealed and/or anticipated by federal law. The trial court permanently prohibited the state from prosecuting slaughterhouses under Chapter 149. On appeal, the 5th District Court of Appeals overturned the trial court`s judgment and injunction in favor of slaughterhouses, finding that Chapter 149 had not been repealed, was not required by federal law, and applied to slaughterhouses. See Empacadora de Carnes de Fresnillo, S.A. de C. V. Curry, 476 F.3d 326 (5th cir. 2007).
As a result of this decision, Beltex and Dallas Crown closed their Texas operations. In Malta, horse meat (Maltese: laħam taż-żiemel) is fried and cooked slowly for hours in a tomato or red wine sauce. A few horse meat shops still exist and it is still served in some restaurants. [101] European companies operating the factories in Texas have since relocated their operations to Mexico, establishing land in Texas and New Mexico and opening horse slaughterhouses along the border and further south into Mexico. Contract „killer buyers“ attend auctions like the one in Stephenville and drag horses south to reach their end. In southern Italy, horse meat is eaten everywhere, especially in the Puglia region, where it is considered a delicacy. [97] [98] It is an important ingredient in Ragù Barese ([raˈɡu bbaːze]) in Bari and Pezzetti di cavallo, a stew with tomato sauce, vegetables and chili popular in Salento. [99] Horse meat is prohibited by Jewish dietary laws because horses do not have split hooves and are not ruminants. The House then ratified the policy change for the first time in two years, opening the door to reviving an industry that many Americans find repugnant but that some horse owners see as a convenient way to get rid of unwanted cattle.
In the eighth century, Popes Gregory III and Zechariah ordered St. Boniface, a missionary of the Germans, to forbid the consumption of horse meat to those he converted, as it was associated with Germanic pagan ceremonies. [41] [4] The Icelandic people reportedly expressed their reluctance to accept Christianity for some time, mainly because of the issue of abstention from horsemeat. [42] Horse meat is currently consumed in Iceland and many horses are bred for this purpose. People who are culturally close in Sweden still have an ambivalent attitude towards horse meat, which allegedly stems from this edict. The first horses evolved on the North American continent and, around 12,000 BC. They had migrated to other parts of the world,[5] extinct in America. [6] [7] The now extinct Idaho Hagerman horse, the size of a large pony today, is an example of a native New World horse species. [8] In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Spanish, followed by other European settlers, reintroduced horses to America. Some horses became wild and were hunted by the Pehuenche natives in present-day Chile and Argentina. [9] Initially, early humans hunted horses like other game; Later, they began to breed them for meat, milk and transportation. The meat has been and is still preserved by drying in the sun in the high Andes in a product called charqui.
Horse meat was widely accepted in French cuisine in the last years of the Second French Empire. The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working-class citizens from buying meat such as pork or beef; In 1866, the French government legalized the consumption of horse meat, and the first butcher shop specializing in horse meat was opened in eastern Paris, offering quality meat at a lower cost. [13] During the siege of Paris (1870-1871), horse meat was eaten with donkey and mule meat by anyone who could afford it, partly because of a lack of fresh meat in the blockaded city and also because horses ate the grain needed by the human population. Although a large number of horses were in Paris (it is estimated that between 65,000 and 70,000 were slaughtered and eaten during the siege), supply was ultimately limited. Even champion racehorses were not spared (two horses given to Napoleon III by Alexander II of Russia were slaughtered), but meat became scarce. Many Parisians developed a taste for horse meat during the siege, and horse meat remained popular after the war. Similarly, in other places and times of siege or starvation, horses are considered a source of food of last resort. Most of the manoeuvring took place in committees. In early September, the Rules Committee, chaired by Sessions, crushed a second attempt to ban horsemeat inspectors. It was the last chance for the ban on the side of the House of Representatives and a critical setback. Horse meat is particularly popular in Lombardy, Puglia, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Parma and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily.
At the federal level, several bills have been regularly introduced in the House and Senate since 2001 to ban the slaughter of horses across the country, without success. However, since 2007, there has also been a budget provision prohibiting the use of federal funds to conduct mandatory inspections at horse slaughterhouses (which are necessary for the interstate sale and export of horse meat). This restriction was temporarily lifted in 2011 under the Consolidated and Other Rolling Funds Act for fiscal year 2012,[128] but was reintroduced in fiscal year 2014 and subsequent federal budgets, preventing the slaughter of domestic horses. The women had gone to the Stephenville auction, which is one of the largest in the state and takes place every first Friday of the month, to observe the conditions and see how many horses were purchased for slaughter. According to Uta Sondergeld-Queen, a Grand Prairie horse advocate, more than 100 horses sold at auction are brought to Mexico to be slaughtered each month. The France dates his taste for horse meat to the Revolution. With the fall of the aristocracy, their auxiliaries had to find new means of subsistence. Horses, once guarded by the aristocracy as a sign of prestige, were eventually used to relieve the hunger of the masses. [10] During the Napoleonic campaigns, the chief physician of Napoleon`s Grande Armée, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey, advised starving troops to eat horse meat. During the siege of Alexandria, the meat of young Arabian horses mitigated an epidemic of scurvy. At the Battle of Eylau in 1807, Larrey served horses as soup and as fashionable beef.
At Aspern-Essling (1809), cut off from supply lines, the cavalry used the cuirasses of fallen cuirassiers as pans and gunpowder as a spice, establishing a practice that lasted at least until the Waterloo campaign. [11] [12] While there`s a good chance nothing bad will happen to you if you decide to eat this type of meat, it`s important to know that there are no inspections or regulatory standards because it`s not meat that is eaten regularly. If you decide to try horse meat, there is no guarantee that it will be safe. It may not have been inspected and there are not necessarily standards to which it must adhere. Therefore, you need to understand where horse meat comes from and feel comfortable with the person who prepared it for you. This way, you can reduce your chances of getting sick while eating. Outside of some parts of China, such as Guilin in Guangxi or Yunnan province, horse meat is not popular due to its low availability and rumors that horse meat tastes bad or is unhealthy. The Compendium of Materia Medica, written by Li Shizhen during the Ming Dynasty, states that horse meat is toxic and can cause folliculitis or death.
[64] The compendium also states: „To relieve the toxin caused by the consumption of horse meat, one can drink phragmites root juice and eat apricot kernels.“ Today, in southern China, rice noodles with horse meat (马肉米粉; Pinyin: mǎròu mǐfěn) in Guilin and horse meat hot pot (马肉火锅; pinyin: mǎròu huǒguō) in Huishui County, Guizhou Province.
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