In both SSc subgroups, people with an early onset of Raynaud`s phenomenon were more likely to have digital ulcers than those with a late onset, while an onset of Raynaud`s phenomenon later in life was associated with a higher prevalence of manifestations of more serious diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and PAH. The independent contribution of the time of onset of Raynaud`s phenomenon to the prevalence of the above complications despite a similar prevalence of autoantibodies was confirmed in the multivariate analysis and is consistent with the conclusion of others that older age at diagnosis negatively affects survival.7 However, it should be noted that the timing of the onset of Raynaud`s phenomenon does not distinguish between the two subgroups of the disease. The first non-Raynaud characteristic follows the appearance of the Raynaud phenomenon more quickly in dcSSc than in lcSSc; However, the relatively small difference may not be useful for assessing an individual patient. Several COVID-19 patients with abdominal pain and high levels of pancreatic enzymes have been diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, most commonly in women (Supplement Table 19). The clinical and epidemiological scenario is broad and includes the involvement of children and the elderly, patients without clinical symptoms, post-mortem studies, family cases or patients with underlying predisposing factors. Compared to patients without COVID-19, COVID-19 patients with acute pancreatitis had a similar epidemiological profile, but a lower bedside index for acute pancreatitis severity (BISAP), a higher incidence of persistent organ failure, and a lower survival rate153 (Table 19 completed). Several pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed to explain the presumed link between acute pancreatitis and COVID-19, including direct viral damage to pancreatic cells, endothelial lesions, and ischemic and/or thrombotic mechanisms154. Gupta, A. et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. 26, 1017â1032 (2020). 7.
Write a short note about the manifestations of diseases specific to organs and tissues? Mao, L. et al. Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 77, 1â9 (2020). For example, in tuberculosis, bacteria attack a specific organ which is the lungs. Through the infected lungs, the disease then spreads throughout the human body. A recent multicenter European study [130] showed that patients with mild to moderate forms of COVID19 are often associated with DO (anosmia or hyposmia) and GD (hypogeum or ageusia) (86% and 88%, respectively), even without nasal symptoms. Women were more likely to be affected, and there was an early olfactory recovery rate of 44%, while symptoms could persist even 14 days after symptoms disappeared. Another study reported a high prevalence of DO (61%) in COVID-19 patients, with early and severe onset and a strong correlation with loss of taste. OD was even more common in women, but also in younger patients, while there was a link with shortness of breath [131]. A quantitative pilot study also showed that about three-quarters of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 have moderate olfactory dysfunction using an objective olfactory recognition test [132].
A prospective multicenter study showed under-reporting of OD and GD manifestations in patients with more severe COVID19 disease, neglecting their symptomatology. These results confirm that OD and GD are not predictors of milder diseases, but are also clearly present in severe COVID19 infections [133]. In this article, we report on the cross-sectional prevalence of clinical and laboratory features in SSc and present a multivariate analysis to better understand the factors associated with certain organ manifestations and therefore possibly also with the disease process. Focusing on age at the onset of Raynaud`s phenomenon, sex, and autoantibodies, we also examined whether dichotomy into limited, diffuse subgroups is the best way to capture the disease and its organic manifestations, or whether other variables might be more appropriate. Musculoskeletal manifestations (joint contractures, tendon friction, muscle weakness, muscle atrophy and increased creatine kinase (CK)) were almost twice as common in dcSSc as in lcSSc. Joint contractures were the most frequently reported. A significant number of patients had muscle weakness and atrophy, but few had an increase in CK at the same time. Combinations of autoantibodies with certain clinical complications are presented in Table 44. The presence of autoantibodies (Scl70 and ACA on the one hand) distinguished the frequency of clinical manifestations in a very similar way to the distinction between the dcSSc and lcSSc subsets on the other hand (Table 11).
However, there were some differences. In particular, the positivity of Scl70, unlike diffuse skin involvement, was associated with significant differences in the prevalence of intestinal symptoms, blockage of myocardial conduction, diastolic dysfunction and renal hypertension. On the other hand, a positive history of stomach complications and hypertensive renal crisis were associated with skin involvement, but not with autoantibody status. Contrary to the systemic representations above, which may involve multiple organs, some COVID-19 patients exhibit immune manifestations involving a single organ that can mimic a wide range of organ-specific autoimmune diseases (Table 2, Fig. 2). We can see the sign of the disease by observing the tissue or organ it targets. When we notice a slight aggregation in a particular organ or tissue of our body, it usually means that it is the beginning of an infection. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic disease with a prevalence rate of about 5/105 and an incidence of 1/105.1 Higher rates are reported in the United States, Australia and Eastern Europe and lower rates in Northern Europe and Japan.2,3,4,5,6,7 SSc can be rapidly fatal in its severe form, but may also have a longer course, with patients being affected only by distal vasospasm. Sclerodecity and dysphagia.8,9,10,11 Early prediction of outcome during the course of disease is crucial in deciding on the appropriate treatment, but in many patients it is not yet sufficiently reliable.
The diagnosis is usually made with high specificity according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR, formerly American Rheumatism Association).12 Early SSc can be divided into diffuse cutaneous (dcSSc) and limited cutaneous (lcSSc), some of these manifestations being formerly called CREST syndrome (phenomenon of raynaud`s calcinosis of esophageal dysmotility sclerodactyly and telangiectasia).13 Other forms are characterized by features of Characterized scleroderma combined with the features of a second connective tissue disease.14 Tissue-specific manifestations are diseases caused in various areas as a point of entry into the body. An example is malaria, where the target is blood circulation and slowly spreads throughout the body. The immune system is also activated in response to infections. Microorganisms penetrate into tissues and damage them. The immune system reacts to pathogenic microbes and destroys them. This is called inflammation. The severity of the manifestations of the disease depends on the number of microbes in the body. The immune system controls the number of microbes in the body.
When the immune system is damaged by a deadly virus such as HIV, the body can no longer fight infections and the patient does not survive for long.
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